We are concerned about solar cells in 2009

In the solar power system, the technology of the most complex part of the claim to be a solar cell. Solar power system solar cells is the core part of its development, production will directly affect the popularity and development of solar power.

The principle of solar cells can have the sun light in the semiconductor pn junction to form a new hole - electron pairs in the pn junction electric field, the hole flow from the p-n area, the flow of electrons from p-n area, then through the circuit after the formation of current. Solar power generation solar power in two ways, one is light - heat - electricity conversion, and the other is light - electric direct conversion.

Tokyo, Japan in 2008, a solar show, a Japanese Industrial Technology Research Institute's staff show flowers and leaves are made into the shape of the solar cell model.

Review of the global development of solar cells

As early as 1839, French scientist Becquerel (Becqurel) discovered that light can make semiconductor material between different parts of the potential difference. This phenomenon became known as the "photovoltaic effect", referred to as "photovoltaic effect." In 1954, U.S. scientists Qiabin and Pirson Bell Laboratories in the United States made the first practical silicon solar cells, the birth of the solar energy into usable electrical energy photovoltaic power generation technology.

Since then, increasing the types of solar cells, growing a wide range of applications, and gradually expand the size of the market. To 1994, the world has reached sales of 64 megawatts of solar cells, showing the rapid development trend. In this century, some developed countries have developed, including solar cells, including the development of renewable energy projects. Research and production of solar cells in Europe, the Americas, Asia a large-scale roll out. Compete for the United States and Japan the world PV market dominance, introduced competing solar technology research and development projects. In recent years, production of solar cells worldwide average annual increase of nearly 40% of the total world production in 2003 has reached 744 MW.

Types of solar cells

According to the different materials used in solar cells can be divided into: 1, silicon solar cells; 2 to inorganic III-V compounds such as gallium arsenide, cadmium sulfide, copper indium selenium compounds such diverse materials of the battery; 3, features high Preparation of large molecular solar cells; 4, nanocrystalline solar cells.

Silicon is the ideal solar cell material, which is silicon-based solar cells to the main reason. In these cells the highest conversion efficiency of silicon solar cells, the most mature technology photoelectric conversion efficiency up to 23.3%. In the production process, the general texture of the surface, emitter passivation, area doping technology. However, due to silicon material prices and the corresponding impact complicated process, the cost of high price of silicon, dramatically reducing the cost is very difficult, can not achieve the massive popularity of solar power.

With the continuous development of new materials and related technology, in other village-based solar cell materials have shown more and more attractive prospects. The international low-cost mass production technology research focused on polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon large area thin film, CdTe cells, CIS cells manufacturing technology, 鈪?V compound semiconductors and efficient solar cells, amorphous silicon and crystalline silicon thin film photovoltaic cell hybrid and so on.

If silicon is characterized by high efficiency, high cost, the problem of other materials is undoubtedly the low-cost battery, transforming weak. Compared with the single crystal silicon solar cells, in addition to silicon, cadmium telluride loaded with other materials, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the battery generally does not exceed 15%.

The development of solar cells

Began to study in China in 1958, solar cells, first used in 1971, China launched a satellite. 1973 will be used for terrestrial solar cells. As a result of price and output restrictions, market development is very slow, except as satellite power, solar cells on the ground only for a small power supply systems, such as beacon lights, railway signal systems.

In 2002, the state ministries launched the "Western Provinces Rural without electricity power scheme", by PV and small wind power to solve seven provinces in the western town without electricity electricity problems. The start of this project greatly stimulate the solar power industry, China has built several solar cell packaging line, so that the production of solar cells is increasing rapidly.

At present solar cells already widely used in communication, transportation, consumer products and other fields, the inclusion of photovoltaic power generation not only to national research programs, and included in the national electric power construction program, but also in a number of major projects in the applications. The end of 2003, China's total installed capacity of solar cells to 5 thousands. At present, the photovoltaic power generation has been throughout the western provinces of China, and parts of central and eastern provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, the total size of investment has more than 30 billion yuan.

Efficient and cheap solar cells unity has always been the goal of international development. And the same, our products, promote the fundamental problem assembly here. Grasslands, islands, deserts and other areas without electricity huge demand, but the price affordability, lack of production scale and product specific weaker and other issues is very conspicuous. Power system in the city, the high cost of investment is no doubt one more product promotion more difficult. Therefore, improve efficiency, reduce costs and expand the scale of development should be present, production of solar cells subject.

In 2008, the global financial crisis also spread to China's solar cell industry, polysilicon prices fall to record low competition level of play, the original "blue skies" of the solar cell industry, all of a sudden "dark clouds", the crisis had led many companies to cut production layoffs and other ways to deal with, but I believe that the use of solar energy photovoltaic power generation is irreversible trend. China has become the world's second largest after the U.S. consumer market, electric power demand growth rate was highest in the world. The tension of oil energy, coal resources make the existing emergency power generation can not meet the power consumption, the promotion of solar energy demand in China is still a pressing need, the market potential is huge. For the market to accelerate the development of solar cell industry will have bright prospects.

 

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RWE AG will start selling electric car in NRW

The energy group RWE AG, offers consumers and business model in the region of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) with the e-packet to a new innovative solution for electric mobility. The customer can choose between the small car based Micro-Vett 500 E to select the Fiat 500 and the Micro-Vett Fiorino Van E. The two vehicles are equipped with an electric motor. The package includes the electric car has a green power charger at home and on the use of all public RWE power stations.

According to the current state of the energy supplier has claims to be already 150 charging stations set up in eight cities and the end of 2010 there are about 400 charging stations throughout North Rhine Westphalia are. The two electric cars have been developed by Micro-Vett Autoumr ster, working for years with Fiat. The advanced lithium-ion battery has a battery has a range 100-140 km. The complete package can be consumers and businesses of today, available for instant www.rwe-mobility.com. The electric vehicles will be delivered in March 2010. The Fiat car dealers offer the electric car owners appropriate services so that the two electric vehicles Micro-Vett 500 E and the Micro-Vett Fiorino, e go perfectly.

Mitsubishi i-MiEV awarded

The Japanese Mitsubishi i-MiEV electric car has received in the UK on the "Green Fleet Awards" as “Electric Vehicle of the Year 2009″. The jury praised the four-seater small car because of its reach, usability and load time. In November, the first Mitsubishi i-MiEV in the UK will be on the road. A high score was the small electric car for the use of normal instead of special controls and focused on function inside cabin.

The name means i-MiEV Mitsubishi innovative Electric Vehicle. The small car can be purchased in Japan and is already produced in series production. At the beginning on 24/10/2009 Tokyo Motor Show, Mitsubishi will unveil two concept studies of its electric cars. First, the Mitsubishi truck iMiEV Cargo. The reach of the commercial vehicle is on a single charge at 160 kilometers and the electric drive has a capacity of 64 hp. The second study by the Mitsubishi i-MiEV is the PX was equipped with two electric motors and an internal combustion engine. A battery should be sufficient for 50 km range for pure use of the electric motor. Following the gasoline engine switches to which the range will be increased.

Daimler Smart fortwo eletric 2012

The new Electric Car Daimler Smart fortwo electric can be purchased from the year 2012 in the trade. The series production is already in the Hambach plant and next month will launch a limited run of 1,000 vehicles. The vehicles of small series to be delivered within mobility projects in major cities in Europe but also the United States. There, the vehicles will be tested under realistic conditions unfangreich of everyday life.

In three years, the smart fortwo electric Daimler will then be produced in appropriate quantities based on the high demand. The marketing takes place via the dealer network of Daimler AG. The car manufacturers worldwide rely on the development of electric vehicles, but up to their breakthrough has greater range, increased the battery capacity and the sale prices are reduced. The Smart fortwo is the electric version of the eletric since 1998, produced in Hambach small car. In 2008 140.000 cars were produced at the plant.

 

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Lenovo ThinkPad T61 Review, @laptopsbattery.us blog

ThinkPad T61 14.1″ widescreen notebook

Important to note is that this review covers the 14.1″ widescreen version of the T61 series. As with any laptop model series, there are going to be widely varying configurations you can choose that will greatly affect system performance.

Specs:

• Processor: Intel T7300 Core 2 Duo (2.0GHz, 800MHz FSB, 4MB Cache)
• Graphics: Intel GMA X3100
• Operating System: Windows Vista Business
• Display: WXGA+ 1440 x 900 (LG screen)
• Hard Drive: 100GB 7200RPM (Seagate Momentus 7200.1)
• Memory: 2GB (1GB x 1GB), up to 4GB max
• Ports: 3 USB 2.0, 1 FireWire, Monitor out, modem, Ethernet, headphone out, microphone in
• Slots: 1 PC Card Slot, 1 ExpressCard slot (optional media card reader and Smart Card reader)
• Optical Drive: Ultra-slim Super-Multi Drive
• Dimensions: 13.2″ x 9.3″ x 1.09 - 1.26″ (335mm x 237mm x 27.6 - 31.9mm)
• Weight: 5.1lbs

The good: Internal roll cage protects LCD; 802.11n Wi-Fi for faster wireless throughput; very small A/C adaptor adds little to overall travel weight; Intel's Active Management Technology provides remote support.

The bad: New Centrino technology doesn't offer outsize performance gains.

The bottom line: Lenovo's 14-inch ThinkPad T61 shaves a few millimeters off the company's more mainstream R-series laptops, but still boasts the same, solid ThinkPad DNA along with IT-friendly features by way of Intel's new Centrino Pro platform.

Design and Build

The ThinkPad T61 is a premium product with a durable build, it is geared towards business users or simply those willing to pay a bit more to get something that won't fall apart after 1-year of use. For somebody that travels a lot or relies on their notebook to earn a livelihood, the build and reliability factor is probably more important than having the latest and greatest components inside.

The keyboard remains the same between the T61 and T60 — meaning it's once again excellent. The only difference is that now there's more room on the keyboard side areas since the notebook body is wider, the speakers have been relocated to this extra real estate. The keyboard is spill proof and has two drain holes to make sure if you do happen to spill your morning Starbucks coffee, the liquid is carried away from sensitive components and out through the bottom of the notebook.

The hard drive is protected within the magnesium roll cage and shock mounted. Even if your T61 is dropped the included Active Protection System (APS) software will work with the on board accelerometer to detect a fall situation and end hard drive activity to prevent data loss.

Screen

The new widescreen format screen for the 14.1″ T-series is either good, bad or somewhere in between depending on your personal preference. Lenovo will try and convince you widescreen offers more screen real estate and so it's better, the reality is the guys making the LCD screens are forcing it down the throats of the PC manufacturers because it's cheaper to make widescreen LCDs.

The particular screen I got is a WXGA+ resolution (1440 x 900). It provides easy viewing and you can fit a good amount on the screen, so no complaints on that front. The screen is crisp and there are no issues with graininess. The matte finish ensures there's little to no glare in office lighting situations.

Processor and Performance

The ThinkPad T61 now uses the Intel Centrino Duo (Santa Rosa) platform. You get a faster processor front side bus (800MHz), more processor cache (4MB) and an improved integrated graphics solution in the form of the Intel X3100. If all that talk is nonsense to you, then suffice it to say the T61 offers newer and better processing components than the T60. Will this performance be perceivable in helping to run MS Word faster? No of course not, but certain processor intensive tasks such as encoding video will be faster. And even if you won't be utilizing every ounce of processing power, just knowing the processor is faster and you're on top of the game is enough to make people like myself want to buy it.

Battery Life

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lenovo thinkpad t61 battery, 14.1″ standard screens and 15.4″ widescreen + 14-inch wide lenovo t61 battery

One thing that's always a concern with a new platform is battery life. Reading the first reviews that came out about the T61 sounded like gloom and doom with reports of 2 hour battery life. It seems most of the initial reviews were done using very power hungry dedicated graphics solutions and with a 4-cell battery.

I had the opportunity to test a larger 6-cell battery on an integrated graphics system, and got 3 hours and 41 minutes of battery life under what I would deem normal usage. I was using the T61 with screen brightness set to half or lower, Vista battery optimized setting, wireless off to get this number. In a torture test, I set the screen brightness to top level, put in a DVD (Stargate) and played it until the battery hit 5% and the PC went to sleep 鈥?which happened after exactly 2 hours 15 minutes. I wouldn't call that bad, it'll get you through most movies.

The downside of a 6-cell battery is that it sticks out of the back (see pics) and weighs more, but I'm always be willing to carry a bit more weight for an extra hour of battery life. A positive comment that should be made is the power adapter is nice and small, it's actually the same size as the X60 ultraportable series adapter.

Keyboard / Touchpad / Pointing Stick

The ThinkPad T-series hasn't changed too much over time, and that's a good thing, there's no use changing something that's just right. The ThinkPad keyboard is one of, if not the best, notebook keyboards out there. There's zero flex, every key feels individual, every key has great travel/feedback and the keyboard is full-size.

The T61 has a pointing stick, I love using this and find it much easier than the provided touchpad — it makes it so you can move the cursor around the screen without having to lift your hand from the keys, a much faster and easier to control style of input. But the great thing is that if the pointing stick isn't your cup of tea then you've got the touchpad as well.

Wireless

The ThinkPad T61 uses the Intel 4965 wireless chip that offers 802.11 a/b/g/n wireless reception. All of your bases are covered there, and the greater range 802.11n offers is on the table if you have an 802.11n router. The range of the ThinkPad is theoretically greater now that the lid material has changed to plastic too. The antenna is run up through the lid for better reception you see, and the new lid material allows radio waves to reach the antenna more easily. I was only able to test up to 100-feet away from my NetGear WGR614 802.11g wireless router, which I despise for its bad performance and tendency to drop connections, but the T61 worked just fine with it and I never suffered a connection drop and throughput was consistently good.

 

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Sanyo will help develop new solar cell production technology

Tokyo September 9 Sanyo Electric of Japan has successfully developed a high-speed production of silicon thin film technology and use new technology to produce a dual structure of thin film solar cells, so as to lower the cost of production higher photoelectric conversion efficiency of practical solar cells possible.

According to "Nikkei Industry News" reported on the 9th, the silicon thin film solar cells generally use plasma chemical vapor deposition generated. Plasma chemical vapor deposition of elements is gaseous silicon spray to the substrate, but if you need large area of film, it is easy to spray the gas pressure drop can slow down the formation of membrane. Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. through the nozzle of the spraying gaseous silicon flat shape changed from the original pyramid, succeeded in maintaining high pressure gaseous silicon.

Technical staff with new technology trial of vertical 55 cm, 65 cm horizontal solar panels, thin film formation speed is equivalent to 3 nm thick per second. If you use this new technology to produce 2-micron thick layer of silicon film, the speed increases to 9 times the original. Solar panels up to 9.84% photoelectric conversion efficiency than thin film solar cells is usually 5-8% higher conversion efficiency.

Enhancement of manufacturing speed, so that a substantial increase in output of each device, resulting significantly lower production costs. According to Sanyo Electric Company, if used for actual mass production, then the cost per watt of power is about 150 yen (about 1.4 U.S. dollars), about half of crystalline silicon.

Sanyo is also planning to verify whether the new technology for the production of vertical 1.1 m, 1.4 m large horizontal panels, also want to upgrade to a photoelectric conversion efficiency of 14%.

There are many types of solar cells, thin film solar cells as thin, so its use of silicon raw material is only 1% of polysilicon solar cells, and therefore cheaper. However, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of crystalline silicon solar cells is only half of the latter's conversion efficiency over 20%. To achieve mass production of thin film solar cells, can be set large area, low price and high conversion efficiency of three conditions are indispensable, but to meet these three conditions very difficult.

Power stations in the planning

The U.S. technology company has developed a Evoasis power station plant which can contribute significantly to the success of electric cars. The facility has 20 bays where virtually every tank electric car model can be fueled with electricity. For fueling, power use and this leads to a reduction in charging time of a few hours to twenty minutes. The fueling is handled by professionals while the drivers in a lounge can take a break.

Alternatively, he can look in the tank bay of his car from recent movies on a TV screen. The lounge offer small snacks, coffee and surf-station. The cost is 75 pounds per year and associated power costs. Currently there are no details are known to be expensive as the construction of such a solar gas station is.

In London, the first tank is currently under construction and will soon begin operations. On the German market are enjoying an increasing popularity of electric cars but a missing station network currently prevents a definitive breakthrough. The construction of such power stations network would cause construction costs in the billions. Electric cars and Twike CityEL are among the vehicles with the highest circulation in Europe.

 

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